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No federal permit to keep

Rostratus

Fossorochromis rostratus

Fishes › Cichlids (Cichliformes) › Cichlidae (Cichlids)

Fossorochromis rostratus is a species of cichlid fish that is endemic to Lake Malawi in East Africa.

Aquarium hobby

Experience: Intermediate

Rostratus — Photo: (c) 116916927065934112165, some rights reserved (CC BY), CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist

Photo: (c) 116916927065934112165, some rights reserved (CC BY), CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist

FamilyCichlids

Adult lengthup to 9.8 in

WaterFreshwater

HabitatLives in freshwater

Care at a glance

Species-specific aquarium care

Tank: At least 48 in long and 18 in front to back for one adult (adults commonly reach about 9.6 in / 24.4 cm).
Water: Freshwater.
Temperature: 75–79°F (range recorded for this species).
pH: 7.2–8.8.
Hardness: 10–18 dGH.
Layout: Uses both the bottom and open water: give open swimming space plus cover near the substrate.
Diet: A predator: feed meaty foods sized to its mouth (frozen fish, shrimp, worms); it will eat tankmates that fit in its mouth. FishBase classes it as a carnivore.

Calculated from this species' own FishBase record: tank size from its typical adult length and swimming zone, water values from its recorded ranges. The group guide below fills in general care.

Care guide

Species care notes

Tank: a base of at least 59 × 15 in (roughly 68 US gallons); space needed is rated “very large tank”.
Water: hard, alkaline water, 77–84 °F, pH 7.5–8.8, 10–25 dGH.
Behaviour: temperament peaceful; a shoaling fish best kept in a group of six or more.
Difficulty: Moderate (Seriously Fish rating).

Short excerpts from the species profile:

Setup: “Set up the aquarium with large piles of rocks arranged to form caves, large areas of open water for swimming and a sandy substrate.”
Diet: “Unfussy but live and frozen foods should comprise a large proportion of the diet.”
Tankmates: “Peaceful and should not be kept with boisterous species such as mbuna but will eat small fish.”
Breeding: “Not often bred in aquaria.”

From the Seriously Fish profile for this species, which has the full habitat, maintenance, diet, behaviour and breeding write-up 167

Group care guide

Lake Malawi peacocks and haps

Applies to most species in this group. Habitat: Open water and sand of Lake Malawi. Individual species can differ, so compare with the species numbers above and the linked sources.

Housing & setup

Hard, alkaline water (pH 7.8–8.6), a long tank (5 ft+ for larger haps) with open sand and some rock.
Generally less aggressive than mbuna; males color up best with several females.

Sources 117 119 164 118 272

Climate & lighting

Water

76–82°F

Sources 117 119 164 118 272

Diet

For Aulonocara stuartgranti, use small prepared foods with some vegetable content and varied small live/frozen invertebrates. Match other haps to their own feeding ecology.

Sources 117 119 164 118 272

Health watch

Do not diagnose bloat from a label such as “mbuna-style food”; Aulonocara stuartgranti diets can include vegetable foods. Match food and tankmates to the species.

Sources 117 119 164 118 272

Understanding the animal

About this animal

The only species in its genus, it is a relatively large (up to 24.4 centimetres (9.6 in) in total length), sexually dimorphic cichlid. It feeds on small invertebrates that often are caught by sifting mouthfuls of sand.

Quoted from the Wikipedia article “Fossorochromis” (CC BY-SA 4.0) 174

In the wild

From this species’ own FishBase record (habitat, bottom type, water and breeding data), not its family. Good care copies these conditions.¹

Where it lives	Lives in freshwater, in lakes. Uses both the bottom and open water. Occurs frequently over sand in shallow areas off sandy beaches and feeds on invertebrates like insect larvae and small crustaceans.
Water it lives in	Freshwater, 75–79 °F (24–26 °C), pH 7.2–8.8, hardness 10–18 dH, depth 0–12 m.
Climate	Tropical climate.
Wild diet	Hunting macrofauna (predator).
Behavior to plan for	Breeding: external brooders.

What this means for care

Keep water within its wild range, 75–79 °F.

FishBase species summary: Fossorochromis rostratus

Native climate (measured)

Warm-season highs	about 87°F (up to 89°F in the hottest sampled areas)
Cool-season lows	about 60°F (down to 56°F in the coldest sampled areas)
Average temperature	71–76°F across sampled records
Relative humidity	67–69% on average (driest month about 55%)
Rainfall	about 1258 mm a year, with strong wet and dry seasons

Measured at 16 wild occurrence records sampled against WorldClim 2.1 climate data (1970–2000 averages). Air conditions in the range are ecological context, not enclosure settings: microhabitats such as burrows, leaf litter or basking rocks can be cooler, warmer or more humid.

From the sources

Quoted from the matching sections of reputable sources for this exact species. Specialist databases are used first; Wikipedia (community-edited, CC BY-SA 4.0) only fills gaps. Other sources are short credited quotes.

Overview	Fossorochromis rostratus is a species of cichlid fish that is endemic to Lake Malawi in East Africa. The only species in its genus, it is a relatively large (up to 24.4 cm in total length), sexually dimorphic cichlid. It feeds on small invertebrates that often are caught by sifting mouthfuls of sand. As for most cichlids, brood care is highly developed, the eggs and larvae being mouthbrooded by the female. — Wikipedia (community-edited)
Where it lives	Home ranges Population dynamics Growth parameters Max. ages / sizes Length-weight rel. Length-frequencies Mass conversion Recruitment Abundance Life cycle Reproduction Maturity Maturity/Gills rel. — FishBase
Reproduction	Female mouth brooder, gestation period: three weeks, about 50-100 young,. — FishBase
Biology	Occurs frequently over sand in shallow areas off sandy beaches and feeds on invertebrates like insect larvae and small crustaceans. — FishBase

Data and studies

The numbers

Each bar is what one source reports. Where several sources weigh in, the dashed gold band marks their average.

Adult length

Average of sources9.7in

FishBase 1649.6

Seriously Fish species profiles 1679.8

Maximum recorded length. Measured as total length. Fish in home aquariums often stay smaller than wild records.

Water temperature

Average of sources76–81.5°F

FishBase 16475–79

Seriously Fish species profiles 16777–84

Range the species tolerates in nature; aim for the middle.

pH

Average of sources7.3–8.8

FishBase 1647.2–8.8

Seriously Fish species profiles 1677.5–8.8

Water hardness

Average of sources10–21.5dGH

FishBase 16410–18

Seriously Fish species profiles 16710–25

Minimum tank footprint

Reported59in

Seriously Fish species profiles 16759

Seriously Fish recommends a tank base of at least 59 × 15 in (about 68 US gallons).

Federal legal snapshot

No federal permit to keep

No federal law singles out this species for private keepers. State and local rules still apply.

State law decides most of it. Each state sets its own permits and bans for exotic, native, venomous and dangerous animals, and cities and counties can be stricter. Find your state agency →

Not covered by the Animal Welfare Act

The Act only covers warm-blooded animals. Reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrates have no federal care standards, even at licensed facilities; state and local rules may still apply.

Kept in captivity?

Every species on this site needs evidence that people actually keep it. For this one:

Has a Seriously Fish aquarium species profile
FishBase records it in the aquarium trade (Aquarium=commercial; AquariumFishII=based mainly on breeding)
6 iNaturalist observations of captive animals

Sources for this sheet

FishBase (Froese & Pauly, eds.), version 24.07 Peer-reviewed researchThe global scientific database on fishes, maintained by a consortium of research institutions; every value is referenced.
Seriously Fish species profiles Experienced keeper or breederLong-running aquarium reference written and peer-checked by experienced fishkeepers and ichthyologists; each profile covers habitat, tank size, water, diet, behaviour and breeding.
Merck Veterinary Manual: Management of aquarium fish Zoo, university or veterinaryThe Merck Veterinary Manual: a standard veterinary reference written and reviewed by veterinary specialists.
Merck Veterinary Manual: Types and features of aquatic systems Zoo, university or veterinaryThe Merck Veterinary Manual: a standard veterinary reference written and reviewed by veterinary specialists.
Merck Veterinary Manual: Nutritional diseases of fish Zoo, university or veterinaryThe Merck Veterinary Manual: a standard veterinary reference written and reviewed by veterinary specialists.
Seriously Fish — Aulonocara stuartgranti Zoo, university or veterinaryAdded in the 2026 source-checked care-guide review.
Wikipedia (species article) Community referenceFree encyclopedia; useful overviews with their own citations. Intro text is quoted under CC BY-SA 4.0.
iNaturalist (captive observations) Community referenceCommunity observation platform run by the California Academy of Sciences and National Geographic; observations marked captive show animals living in homes, zoos and aquariums.